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Table 3 Multivariable-adjusted odds ratios (95% CI) for depression across different frequencies or servings of dietary habits

From: Dietary habits and psychological disorders in a large sample of Iranian adults: a population-based study

Dietary habitsa

Depression

Multivariable adjustedb

Multivariable + BMIc

OR

95% CI

OR

95% CI

Sweetened drinks

 Not at all

Reference

Reference

 Lower than once per week

0.91

0.72–1.16

0.92

0.72–1.18

 Once or more per week

0.78*

0.62–0.99

0.76*

0.59–0.96*

Fast foods

 Not at all or few times per year

Reference

Reference

 1–3 times per month

1.25

0.99–1.59

1.24

0.97–1.58

 Once or more per week

1.61*

1.18–2.18*

1.61*

1.18–2.203*

Canned foods

 

 Not at all or few times

Reference

Reference

 1–3 times per months

0.99

0.79–1.23

0.99

0.79–1.24

 Once or more per week

1.13

0.79–1.60

1.12

0.78–1.61

Breakfast

 Not at all

Reference

Reference

 Once per week

1.35

0.79–2.37

1.37

0.78–2.40

 More than once per week

0.72

0.49–1.07

0.74

0.49–1.11

Sugar cubes (one sugar cube contains almost 3 g sugar)

 Not at all

Reference

Reference

 1–2 cubes per day

0.95

0.71–1.27

0.95

0.70–1.59

 More than 2 cubes per day

1.07

0.82–1.39

1.03

0.69–1.52

Fried foods

 Not at all

Reference

Reference

 Lower than once per week

1.17

0.78–1.74

1.06

0.71–1.59

 Once or more per week

1.14

0.77–1.68

1.03

0.69–1.52

Snacks

 Not at all

Reference

Reference

 Lower than once per week

1.302*

1.02–1.65*

1.27

0.99–1.63

 Once or more per week

1.39*

1.03–1.87*

1.36*

1.01–1.84*

  1. OR odds ratio, 95% CI 95% confidence interval
  2. *Significance level was considered as p < 0.05
  3. aDietary habits for all items were presented as frequency of consumption except for sugar cubes which presented as serving of intake
  4. bAdjusted for age (20–29, 30–39, 40–49, 50–59, 60–69 years), education level (secondary school and lower, High school, Diploma and Graduate diploma, Bachelors, Masters, and PhD), physical activity level (low/medium/high), history of chronic diseases (hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer, depression, and dyslipidemia), smoking (yes/no)
  5. cAdjusted for age (20–29, 30–39, 40–49, 50–59, 60–69 years), education level (secondary school and lower, High school, Diploma and Graduate diploma, Bachelors, Masters, and PhD), having physical activity (yes/no), history of chronic diseases (hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer, depression, and dyslipidemia), smoking (yes/no), and BMI