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Table 4 Drug and substance use factors associated with depression among the respondents

From: A cross-sectional study of depression with comorbid substance use dependency in pregnant adolescents from an informal settlement of Nairobi: drawing implications for treatment and prevention work

Variable

Category

Overall

Depression

OR (95% CI)

Group differences

No

Yes

Live with anyone who is a problem drinker or alcoholic or who uses street drugs

No

173 (81.6)

43 (24.9)

130 (75.1)

Reference

(χ2(1,212) = 5.52; P = 0.019)

Yes

39 (18.4)

3 (7.7)

36 (92.3)

3.97 (1.16–13.54)

Ever consumed alcohol at any time in your life?

No

119 (56.1)

32 (26.9)

87 (73.1)

Reference

(χ2(1,212) = 4.31; P = 0.038)

Yes

93 (43.9)

14 (15.1)

79 (84.9)

2.08 (1.03–4.17)

Age at first consumption, years

< 11

7 (7.6)

0 (0.0)

7 (100.0)

Reference

(χ2(2,92) = 1.30; P = 0.522)

11–14

24 (26.1)

4 (16.7)

20 (83.3)

UD

15–18

61 (66.3)

9 (14.8)

52 (85.2)

UD

Currently consuming alcohol

No

155 (73.1)

38 (24.5)

117 (75.5)

Reference

(χ2(1,212) = 2.70; P = 0.101)

Yes

57 (26.9)

8 (14.0)

49 (86.0)

1.99 (0.87–4.57)

Audit scores

Normal

184 (86.8)

43 (23.4)

141 (76.6)

Reference

(χ2(1,212) = 2.29; P = 0.130)

Abnormal

28 (13.2)

3 (10.7)

25 (89.3)

2.54 (0.73–8.83)

Consumption at a hazardous level

No

41 (71.9)

6 (14.6)

35 (85.4)

Reference

(χ2(1,57) = 0.04; P = 0.835)

Yes

16 (28.1)

2 (12.5)

14 (87.5)

1.20 (0.22–6.68)

Alcohol dependence

No

18 (31.6)

6 (33.3)

12 (66.7)

Reference

(χ2(1,57) = 8.12; P = 0.004)

Yes

39 (68.4)

2 (5.1)

37 (94.9)

9.25 (1.64–52.06)

Alcohol-related harm is already being experienced

No

155 (73.1)

39 (25.2)

116 (74.8)

Reference

(χ2(1,212) = 4.07; P = 0.044)

Yes

57 (26.9)

7 (12.3)

50 (87.7)

2.40 (1.01–5.73)

Ever been pressured into using alcohol or other substances by your friends or peers

No

140 (66.0)

36 (25.7)

104 (74.3)

Reference

(χ2(1,212) = 3.91; P = 0.048)

Yes

72 (34.0)

10 (13.9)

62 (86.1)

2.15 (1.00–4.63)

Currently or have ever smoked cigarettes

No

207 (97.6)

46 (22.2)

161 (77.8)

Reference

(χ2(1,212) = 1.42; P = 0.234)

Yes

5 (2.4)

0 (0.0)

5 (100.0)

UD

Have you ever used any other psychoactive substance/s

No

194 (91.5)

42 (21.6)

152 (78.4)

Reference

(χ2(1,212) = 0.00; P = 0.955)

Yes

18 (8.5)

4 (22.2)

14 (77.8)

0.97 (0.30–3.09)

  1. The values in italic represents significant differences (P < 0.05) between depression levels and alcohol use
  2. OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval, Ref. reference category, UD undetermined