Table 1 Social characteristics of the participants (N =93)
From: The experience and impact of stigma in Saudi people with a mood disorder
Characteristic | Bipolar disorder (n = 50) | Depression (n = 43) | Total (n = 93) |
|---|---|---|---|
Sex | |||
Male | 19 (38.8%) | 11 (25.6%) | 30 (32.3%) |
Female | 31 (62.0%) | 32 (74.4%) | 63 (67.7%) |
Age group | |||
29 years and younger | 11 (22.0%) | 4 (9.3%) | 15 (16.1%) |
30–39 years | 18 (36.0%) | 9 (20.9%) | 27 (29%) |
40–49 years | 10 (20.0%) | 12 (27.9%) | 22 (23.7%) |
50–59 years | 7 (14.0%) | 13 (30.2%) | 20 (21.5%) |
60–72 years | 4 (8.0%) | 5 (11.6%) | 9 (9.7%) |
Highest level of education | |||
Illiterate | 0 (0%) | 4 (9.3%) | 4 (4.3%) |
Elementary or intermediate school | 7 (14.0%) | 15 (34.9%) | 22 (23.7%) |
High school | 12 (24.0%) | 10 (23.3%) | 22 (23.7%) |
College or technical training | 5 (10.0%) | 4 (9.3%) | 9 (9.7%) |
University | 21 (42.0%) | 10 (23.3%) | 31 (33.3%) |
Postgraduate study | 5 (10.0%) | 0 (0%) | 5 (5.4%) |
Marital status | |||
Single | 20 (40.0%) | 6 (14.0%) | 26 (28%) |
Separated | 1 (2.0%) | 5 (11.6%) | 6 (6.5%) |
Widowed | 3 (6.0%) | 2 (4.7%) | 5 (5.4%) |
Divorced | 3 (6.0%) | 3 (7.0%) | 6 (6.5%) |
Married | 23 (46.0%) | 27 (62.8%) | 50 (53.8%) |
Living situation | |||
Alone | 0 (0%) | 1 (2.3%) | 1 (1.1%) |
With spouse | 18 (36.0%) | 27 (62.8%) | 45 (48.4%) |
With parents | 24 (48.0%) | 10 (23.3%) | 34 (36.6%) |
With another close relative | 6 (12.0%) | 3 (7.0%) | 9 (9.7%) |
Other | 2 (4.0%) | 2 (4.7%) | 4 (4.3%) |
Employment status | |||
Employed | 17 (34.0%) | 6 (14.0%) | 23 (24.7%) |
Not employed | 33 (66.0%) | 37 (86.0%) | 70 (75.3%) |
Nature of employment | |||
Unable to work due to psychiatric problems | 10 (20.0%) | 10 (23.3%) | 20 (21.5%) |
Unable to work due to medical problems | 11 (22.0%) | 15 (34.9%) | 26 (28%) |
Homemaker | 3 (6.0%) | 5 (11.6%) | 8 (8.6%) |
Retired | 8 (16.0%) | 6 (14.0%) | 14 (15.1%) |
Volunteer worker | 1 (2.0%) | 1 (2.3%) | 2 (2.2%) |
Full-time worker | 17 (34.0%) | 6 (14.0%) | 23 (24.7%) |
Mental health now compared to a year ago | |||
Better | 38 (76.0%) | 25 (58.1%) | 63 (67.7%) |
About the same | 10 (20.0%) | 12 (27.9%) | 22 (23.7%) |
Worse | 2 (4.0%) | 6 (14.0%) | 8 (8.6%) |
Age at symptom onset | |||
9–19 years | 19 (38.0%) | 16 (38.1%) | 35 (38.0%) |
20–29 years | 21 (42.0%) | 8 (19.0%) | 29 (31.5%) |
30–39 years | 4 (8.0%) | 12 (28.6%) | 16 (17.4%) |
40+ years | 6 (12.0%) | 6 (14.3%) | 12 (13.0%) |
Age at first treatment | |||
10–19 years | 16 (32.0%) | 8 (18.6%) | 24 (25.8%) |
20–29 years | 23 (46.0%) | 9 (20.9%) | 32 (34.4%) |
30–39 years | 5 (10.0%) | 12 (27.9%) | 17 (18.3%) |
40+ years | 6 (12.0%) | 14 (32.6%) | 20 (21.5%) |
Number of years between symptom onset and first treatment | |||
Under 1 year | 30 (60.0%) | 18 (42.9%) | 48 (52.2%) |
1–2 years | 10 (20.0%) | 5 (11.9%) | 15 (16.3%) |
3–5 years | 8 (16.0%) | 7 (16.7%) | 15 (15.3%) |
6–10 years | 1 (2.0%) | 5 (11.9%) | 6 (6.5%) |
10+ years | 1 (2.0%) | 7 (16.7%) | 8 (8.7%) |
Have come to accept their diagnosis | |||
No | 5 (10.0%) | 5 (11.6%) | 10 (10.8%) |
Yes | 45 (90.0%) | 38 (88.4%) | 83 (89.2%) |
Years between treatment initiation and the acceptance of their diagnosis | |||
Not accepted | 5 (10%) | 5 (11.6%) | 10 (10.8%) |
< 1 year | 34 (68.0%) | 31 (72.1%) | 65 (69.9%) |
1–5 years | 8 (16 .0%) | 4 (9.3%) | 12 (12.9%) |
6–10 years | 1 (2.0%) | 1 (2.3%) | 2 (2.2%) |
11–15 years | 1 (2.0%) | 2 (4.7%) | 3 (3.2%) |
21–25 years | 1 (2.0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (1.1%) |
Ever hospitalized for a mental illness or suicide attempt | |||
Yes | 36 (72.0%) | 11 (25.6%) | 47 (50.5%) |
No | 14 (28.0%) | 32 (74.4%) | 46 (49.5%) |
Hospital use | |||
Ever hospitalized in a provincial psychiatric institution | 1 (3.2%) | 3 (37.5%) | 4 (10.3%) |
Ever hospitalized in a general hospital psychiatric unit | 30 (96.8%) | 5 (62.5%) | 35 (89.7%) |
Services used in the last year | |||
Voluntarily hospitalized in the last year | 10 (27.0%) | 2 (18.2%) | 12 (25.0%) |
Involuntarily hospitalized in the last year | 27 (73.0%) | 9 (81.8%) | 36 (75.0%) |
Use of outpatient community mental health programs in the last year | |||
Yes | 29 (58.0%) | 29 (67.4%) | 58 (62.4%) |
No | 21 (42.0%) | 14 (32.6%) | 35 (37.6%) |
Frequency of outpatient treatment (N =58) | |||
Weekly | 2 (6.9%) | 3 (10.3%) | 5 (8.6%) |
2–3 times per month | 0 (0%) | 1 (3.4%) | 1 (1.7%) |
Monthly | 5 (17.2%) | 0 (0%) | 5 (8.6%) |
Every 2–3 months | 2 (6.9%) | 5 (17.2%) | 7 (12.1%) |
1–2 times per year | 20 (69.0%) | 20 (69.0%) | 40 (69.0%) |