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Table 5 Odds ratio (95% CI) of depression according to quartiles (Q) of fruits and vegetables intake

From: Fruits and vegetables intake and its subgroups are related to depression: a cross-sectional study from a developing country

Daily intake

Q1

Q2

Q3

Q4

p-trend*

Total vegetables and fruits

g/day (median)

233.9

332.1

378.3

451.6

 

Cases of depressed

55

19

17

10

 

Model 1

p

11 (5.12–23.59)

< 0.001

2.1 (0.92–4.8)

0.07

1.84 (0.79–4.25)

0.1

1

< 0.001

Model 2

p

18.83 (7.96–44.51)

< 0.001

2.98 (1.23–7.2)

0.01

2.47 (1.02–5.96)

0.04

1

< 0.001

Total vegetables

g/day (median)

125.4

176.6

203.2

245.8

 

Cases of depressed

54

16

14

17

 

Model 1

p

5.73 (2.98–11.01)

< 0.001

0.93 (0.44–1.96)

0.8

0.79 (0.36–1.71)

0.5

1

< 0.001

Model 2

p

4.43 (2.06–9.51)

< 0.001

1.14 (0.50–2.59)

0.7

1.07 (0.46–2.5)

0.8

1

0.001

Cruciferous vegetables

g/day (median)

2.5

3.1

6.2

6.2

 

Cases of depressed

44

24

22

11

 

Model 1

p

4.92 (2.33–10.42)

< 0.001

1.79 (0.82–3.91)

0.1

1.53 (0.69–3.37)

0.2

1

0.001

Model 2

p

1.6 (0.57–4.48)

0.3

0.94 (0.34–2.55)

0.9

1.29 (0.52–3.21)

0.5

1

0.6

Green leafy vegetables

g/day (median)

14.3

21.6

24.8

31.6

 

Cases of depressed

49

17

15

20

 

Model 1

p

3.84 (2.05–7.19)

< 0.001

0.81 (0.4–1.67)

0.5

0.7 (0.33–1.47)

0.3

1

< 0.001

Model 2

p

1.61 (0.64–4.02)

0.3

0.55 (0.22–1.35)

0.1

0.58 (0.24–1.4)

0.2

1

0.02

Dark yellow vegetables

g/day (median)

2.1

4.3

5.7

7.7

 

Cases of depressed

34

25

20

22

 

Model 1

p

1.82 (0.97–3.42)

0.06

1.18 (0.61–2.27)

0.6

0.88 (0.44–1.57)

0.7

1

0.03

Model 2

P

0.45 (0.18–1.09)

0.07

0.61 (0.26–1.41)

0.2

0.68 (0.3–1.53)

0.3

1

0.2

Other vegetables

g/day (median)

102.7

144.6

166.2

190.3

 

Cases of depressed

49

24

9

19

 

Model 1

p

4.09 (2.17–7.73)

< 0.001

1.34 (0.68–2.65)

0.3

0.42 (0.18–0.98)

0.04

1

< 0.001

Model 2

p

2.05 (0.88–4.79)

0.09

1.43 (0.64–3.23)

0.3

0.5 (0.19–1.33)

0.1

1

0.07

Total fruits

g/day (median)

108.3

155.6

180

209.2

 

Cases of depressed

58

17

14

12

 

Model 1

p

10.12 (4.91–20.85)

< 0.001

1.5 (0.67–3.33)

0.3

1.19 (0.52–2.72)

0.6

1

< 0.001

Model 2

p

11.08 (4.96–24.75)

< 0.001

2.12 (0.90–5.01)

0.08

1.27 (0.54–2.99)

0.5

1

< 0.001

Berries fruits

g/day (median)

0.4

0.5

0.5

0.6

 

Cases of depressed

53

20

12

16

 

Model 1

p

5.72 (2.95–11.11)

< 0.001

1.33 (0.64–2.75)

0.4

0.69 (0.30–1.54)

0.3

1

0.001

Model 2

p

2.77 (1.24–6.18)

0.01

0.81 (0.34–1.91)

0.6

0.68 (0.27–1.68)

0.4

1

0.3

Citrus fruits

g/day (median)

24.7

34.3

36.4

37.6

 

Cases of depressed

55

22

12

12

 

Model 1

p

8.96 (4.36–18.42)

< 0.001

2.06 (0.96–4.45)

0.06

1 (0.42–2.34)

1

1

< 0.001

Model 2

p

3.14 (1.34–7.38)

0.008

1.27 (0.53–3.04)

0.5

0.68 (0.27–1.74)

0.4

1

0.004

Other fruits

g/day (median)

85.1

121.1

141

167.4

 

Cases of depressed

55

19

14

13

 

Model 1

p

8.17 (4.04–16.52)

< 0.001

1.57 (0.72–3.38)

0.2

1.08 (0.48–2.45)

0.8

1

< 0.001

Model 2

p

4.93 (1.97–12.31)

0.001

1.61 (0.67–3.89)

0.2

1.03 (0.43–2.51)

0.9

1

< 0.001

  1. Model 1: unadjusted
  2. Model 2: adjusted for age, body mass index, physical activity, energy intake and healthy eating index. Total vegetables and total fruits intake were mutually adjusted. For each vegetables and fruits sub-groups, other sub-groups of fruits and vegetables intake was adjusted
  3. Fruits and vegetables are defined as in Tables 1 and 4
  4. * Tests for trend were performed by entering the categorical variables as continuous parameters in the models
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Annals of General Psychiatry

ISSN: 1744-859X