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Table 1 Summary of findings

From: Insulin-like growth factor-1: a possible marker for emotional and cognitive disturbances, and treatment effectiveness in major depressive disorder

 

Type of study

Measure

Patient

N

Age

(Mean ± SD)

F

 %

Depression instrument

MDD severity

(Mean ± SD)

IGF-1 in MDD vs controls

Medication and its effects on IGF-1 levels

Bot et al. [35]

Observational

Plasma

MDD/anxiety

HC

2112

602

n/a

n/a

n/a

n/a

↑IGF-1 (p = 0.006) in AD-free individuals with current disorders;

↑IGF-1 (p = 0.09) in AD-free individuals with remitted disorders;

↓IGF-1 (p = 0.028) in AD users

Yes, not specified

Rosso et al. [36]

Case–control

Serum

OCD

MDD

HC

40

37

43

38.7 ± 13.3

42.4 ± 11.9

42.3 ± 11.3

55.0

78.4

65.1

HAMD

6.5 ± 3.0

19.7 ± 2.6

No significant differences.

IGF-1 levels correlated to age of MDD onset (r = − 0.40, p = 0.014)

Yes, citalopram, fluvoxamine, paroxetine, sertraline

No changes (p = 0.42)

Sharma et al. [37]

A comprehensive review

Serum/plasma

MDD

HC

n/a

n/a

n/a

n/a

 

IGF-1 levels in MDD vs controls were discrepant across studies

n/a

Tu et al. [38]

A meta-analysis and review

Serum/plasma

MDD/BD

HC

389

393

n/a

n/a

n/a

 

↑(p < 0.001);

Inverse association with MDD duration (p   =   0.03);

IGF-1 may be a marker of cognition

Yes. No change in IGF-1 after Rx (p =  0.092)

Chigogora et al. [39]

Longitudinal population-based

Serum

Cohort of adults ≥ 50 years

6017

65.7

55

CES-D8

n/a

↓ and ↑ levels of IGF-1 ↑DD risk;

Median levels of IGF-1 ↓DD risk

No

Van Varsseveld et al. [40]

Longitudinal population-based

Serum

MDD

No DD

193

995

75.4 ± 6.5

50.3

CES-D

n/a

M: as compared to high concentrations, mid concentrations IGF-1 ↓DD probability (OR 0.35);

F: as compared to high concentrations, low concentrations ↑DD probability

(OR 2.66);

F after 3 year FW: as compared to high concentrations, mid concentrations ↓DD probability (OR 0.43)

Yes, not specified

Rusch et al. [41]

Observational

Plasma

MDD/PTSD

44

33.3

0

QIDS-SR

13.0

The sleep improved group revealed significant ↓ in MDD (p = 0.005) and ↑IGF-1 (p = 0.009)

Yes, not specified

Kopzak et al.

(2015) [42]

Case–control

Serum

MDD

HC

78

92

48.6 ± 13.9

48.1 ± 13.7

44.9

45.7

HAMD

26.4 ± 6.7

↑ (p = 3.29E−04)

Yes, not specified. IGF- 1 still ↑ after 6 weeks of Rx (p = 0.002)

Krogh et al. [43]

Longitudinal parallel-group

Serum

MDD

79

41.3 ± 12.1

67.1

HAMD

19.0 ± 4.3

Aerobic exercise intervention did not ↑IGF-1 in MDD patients

No

Sievers et al. [44]

Population-based cross-sectional

Serum

West Pomerania Cohort

4079

(1246 DS)

50.0 ± 16.4

51

CID-S

n/a

F: ↓IGF-1 ↑DD probability (OR 2.70);

M: ↑IGF-1 ↑DD probability (OR 3.26)

No

Lin et al. [45]

Cross-sectional

Plasma

Adults aged ≥ 50 years

94

60.7 ± 8.4

58.5

GDS

n/a

Among older adults with ↓IGF-1 levels: ↑depressive symptoms scores were associated with ↓ of delayed recall and recognition

Yes, not specified

Emeny et al. [46]

Population-based

cross-sectional

Serum

KORA-age cohort study

144 DS

841 no DS

M:75.4

F:75.7

50.0

GDS

n/a

F: ↑IGF-1 ↑MDD probability (p = 0.045)

No

Szczęsny et al. [17]

A narrative review

Serum/plasma

MDD

HC

n/a

n/a

n/a

n/a

 

Different studies showed an elevation, decrease or no changes in peripheral IGF-1

n/a

Li et al. [47]

Case–control

Serum

MDD

HC

15

12

32.3 ± 7.7

31.2 ± 10.2

0.0

0.0

MADRS

n/a

No differences

Escitalopram. No change in IGF-1 after 8 weeks of Rx

Palomino et al. [48]

Case–control

Plasma

BD

HC

23

23

27.0

25.7

34.8

HAMD

19.8 ± 8.8

No differences. IGF-1 in schizophrenia correlated with negative symptoms

Yes. No change in IGF-1 levels in BD after 1 year of AP Rx

Weber-Hamann et al. [49]

Longitudinal parallel-group

Serum

MDD (total)

Amitriptyline group

Paroxetine group

77

34

43

R:51 ± 17

NR:46 ± 16

R:58 ± 16

NR:57 ± 14

72

88.8

62.9

75

HAMD

R:23.9 ± 5.2 NR:22.1 ± 3.9

R:23.0 ± 3.2

NR:23.7 ± 3.5

n/a

Amitriptyline/paroxetine

↓IGF-1 in R (p < 0.02)

Rueda Alfaro et al. [50]

Population-based cross-sectional

Plasma

Age > 70 years

With DS

No DS

100

213

M:76.7 ± 5.4

F:77.3 ± 6.4

51.11

GDS

n/a

F: IGF-1 positively associated with cognition (p = 0.04)

No

Michelson et al. [51]

Longitudinal parallel-group

Plasma

MDD (total)

on fluoxetine

on sertraline

on paroxetine

107

37

34

36

40.0 ± 11.4

38.7 ± 14.5

39.9 ± 11.1

75.7

76.5

61.1

HAMD

4.8 ± 2.4

4.7 ± 2.3

4.9 ± 2.8

n/a

Fluoxetine, sertraline, paroxetine. Placebo substitution of paroxetine ↑IGF-1 (p = 0.007)

Franz et al. [52]

Case–control

Serum

MDD

HC

19

16

34.7 ± 8.8

36.1 ± 6.6

100.0

100.0

HAMD

18.8 ± 3.9

↑(p = 0.02)

No

Deuschle et al. [53]

Case–control

Plasma

MDD

HC

24

33

47.2 ± 16.4

51.4 ± 19.2

45.8

33.3

HAMD

31.8 ± 5.8

↑(p < 0.01)

Fluoxetine, amitriptyline, doxepin. ↓IGF-1 in R (p < 0.04)

Michelson et al. [54]

Case–control

Serum

MDD

HC

10

10

41.0 ± 8.0

41.0 ± 7.0

100.0

100.0

n/a

n/a

No change (p = 0.98)

Yes, not specified

Lesch et al. [55]

Case–control

Plasma

MDD/BD

HC

34

34

48.2 ± 12.2

44.7 ± 11.9

67.64

67.64

HAMD

26.9 ± 5.4

↑(p < 0.001)

No

  1. AD antidepressants; AP antipsychotic drugs; BD Bipolar disorder; CES-D Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale; CES-D8 eight-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale; CID-S WHO WMH-CIDI The Composite International Diagnostic-Screener; DD depression disorder; DS depressive symptoms; F females; FW follow-up; GDS Geriatric Depression Scale; HAMD Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; HC healthy controls; M males; MADRS Montgomery and Asberg Depression Rating Scale; MDD major depressive disorder; n/a not applicable; N number of subjects in the group; Non-PSD stroke without depression; NR Non-responders; OR Odds ratio; PSD post-stroke depression; QIDS-SR quick inventory of depressive symptomatology 10-item, R responders; Rx treatment