Table 2 Risk factors for bipolar disorder

Holtzman et al. (2015) [18]

Family history and use of substances like alcohol

Breen et al. (2015) [25]

Child abuse and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal gene

Lan et al. (2015) [21]

Symptoms like low control and fast thoughts

Weinstein et al. (2015) [19]

Depression symptoms, quality of life, despair, self-esteem, and family strictness

Monfrim et al. (2014) [42]

Immunological dysfunction

Moor et al. (2012) [24]

More prevalent above 15 year old and associated with panic disorder

Goldstein (2009) [22]

Female gender, previous history of bipolar disorder, other psychological disorders, family genetics

Goldstein et al. (2005) [43]

Family history of suicide attempt, hospitalization history, and physical and/or sexual abuse history

Bernegger et al. (2015) [44]

Females, emotional and physical negligence and sexual and emotional abuse

Rajewska-Rager et al. (2015) [45]

Level of disease compromise

Ellis et al. (2014) [27]

Adjustability and family cohesion

Park et al. (2013) [21]

Depressive symptoms like discouragement and pessimism

Goldstein et al. (2012) [28]

Females, depressive symptoms, and family history of suicide

Singh and Coffey (2012) [46]

It can occur since the age of 5

Goldstein (2009) [22]

Family stress

Jolin et al. (2007) [23]

Clinical course, psychiatric comorbidities, familiar suicidal behavior, psychosocial factors