Table 1 Psychiatric manifestations of treatable hereditary metabolic disorders (general overview based on several cases from the literature)
From: Psychiatric manifestations of treatable hereditary metabolic disorders in adults
Psychiatric diagnosis | Occurrence | Psychiatric symptoms | Associated symptoms | HMD diagnosis |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Schizophrenia | Triggering factor | Disorders of consciousness, peripheral disease, rapid cognitive decline | Remethylation disorders | |
Chronic | Delusions, hallucinations | Juvenile cataract, tendinous xanthomata, cerebellar ataxia, spastic paraplegia, dementia | Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis | |
Chronic, late onset | Hallucinations, behavioural disturbances (+++) | Tetraplegia, spastic paraplegia, cerebellar ataxia, polyneuropathy | Metachromatic leucodystrophia | |
Chronic, late onset | Hallucinations, delusions, depression, cognitive decline | Peripheral symptoms, ataxia | GM2 gangliosidosis (Tay-Sachs disease) | |
Atypical psychosis | Depression, delusions, behavioural disorders | Spastic paraplegia | X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy | |
Variable | Confusion, delusions | Ataxia, abnormal movements, supranuclear gaze palsy | Niemann-Pick type C | |
Inebriation, personality disorder, Guillain-Barre disease, bipolar or schizoaffective disorder | Triggering factor (alcohol, treatment): may be progressive | Behavioural disturbances, impulsivity, depression, mania | Intermittent pain | Acute intermittent porphyria |
Bipolar disorder | Chronic | Depression, behavioural disturbances | Extra pyramidal symptoms, dysarthria, akinesia | Wilson's disease |
Confusion, behavioural disturbances, hallucinations | Headache, abdominal pain, change in diet | Urea cycle disorders | ||
Personality disorder | Chronic | Obsessive compulsive disorder, behavioural disturbances, impulsivity, disinhibition | Ectopia lentis, marfanoid appearance, mental deficiency, thrombosis | Homocysteinuria |
Chronic | Behavioural disturbances, aggressiveness | Mental deficiency, language delay, epilepsy, extrapyramidal symptom | Creatine deficiency syndromes |